منابع مشابه
Double spend races
We correct the double spend race analysis given in Nakamoto’s foundational Bitcoin article and give a closed-form formula for the probability of success of a double spend attack using the Regularized Incomplete Beta Function. We give the first proof of the exponential decay on the number of confirmations and find an asymptotic formula. Larger number of confirmations are necessary compared to th...
متن کاملIncentivizing Double-Spend Collusion in Bitcoin
Bitcoin’s core innovation is its solution to double-spending, called Nakamoto consensus. This provides a probabilistic guarantee that transactions will not be reversed or redirected, provided that it is improbable for an attacker to obtain a majority of mining power in the network. While this may be true in the traditional sense, this assumption becomes tenuous when miners are assumed to be rat...
متن کاملDouble-spend Attack Models with Time Advantange for Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital currency in which the need for a trusted third party is voided. Instead, this digital currency is based on the concept of ‘proof of work’ allowing users to execute payments by digitally signing their transactions. Since electronic files can be duplicated, fraudulent transactions in the form of double-spend attacks – where users spend the same money at least twice – can happ...
متن کاملAn Explanation of Nakamoto's Analysis of Double-spend Attacks
The fundamental attack against blockchain systems is the double-spend attack. In this tutorial, we provide a very detailed explanation of just one section of Satoshi Nakamoto’s original paper where the attack’s probability of success is stated. We show the derivation of the mathematics relied upon by Nakamoto to create a model of the attack. We also validate the model with a Monte Carlo simulat...
متن کاملArms Races and Car Races
Evolutionary car racing (ECR) is extended to the case of two cars racing on the same track. A sensor representation is devised, and various methods of evolving car controllers for competitive racing are explored. ECR can be combined with co-evolution in a wide variety of ways, and one aspect which is explored here is the relative-absolute fitness continuum. Systematical behavioural differences ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance
سال: 2018
ISSN: 0219-0249,1793-6322
DOI: 10.1142/s021902491850053x